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  • Combining Ability Analysis of Mycelial Growth Rate in Spore-Derived Monokaryotic Strains of Lentinula edodes
    ZHANG Dan, DONG Haoran, LI Jie, SHANG Xiaodong, SHAO Yanghao, ZHANG Meiyan, SONG Xiaoxia, SONG Chunyan
    2026, 33(04): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.001
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Using a North Carolina II (NC Ⅱ) experimental design, eight spore-derived monokaryotic strains isolated from the Lentinula edodes cultivar ‘Shenxiang 215’ were crossed with eight compatible spore-derived monokaryotic strains through an incomplete diallel cross, yielding 64 hybrid combinations. Mycelial growth rates of the hybrid progeny were measured on both potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and sawdust-based medium. General combining ability (GCA) of the spore-derived monokaryotic strains, specific combining ability (SCA) of the hybrid combinations, and genetic variance components of mycelial growth rate were analyzed. The results showed extremely significant differences in mycelial growth rate between the tested strains. There was no significant correlation between the mycelial growth rates of the spore-derived monokaryotic strains and that of their hybrid progeny on PDA plates. However, mycelial growth rates of the hybrids on PDA plates and sawdust medium were extremely significantly correlated. Both the GCA between the tested spore-derived monokaryotic strains and the SCA between the hybrid combinations were extremely significantly different. The genetic effects governing mycelial growth rate on PDA plates were predominantly additive, with a narrow-sense heritability of 63.18%. In contrast, mycelial growth on sawdust medium was affected by both genetic background and culture environment, with a narrow-sense heritability of 38.97%. There was no correlation between the GCA of the spore-derived monokaryotic strains and the SCA of their corresponding hybrid combinations. Four spore-derived monokaryotic strains, M4-4, M2-2, Csm82, and Csm89, showed relatively high GCA values, suggesting their potential as elite parent strains for breeding new germplasm with improved mycelial growth.
  • Breeding of Two Auricularia heimuer Cultivars ‘Yun’er No.1’ and ‘Yun’er No.2’
    AO Chengce, LI Exian, LUO Hongmei, SUO Haonan, WU Shengjun, LUO Zonglong, LI Shuhong
    2026, 33(04): 13-20. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.002
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Wild fruiting bodies of Auricularia were collected from Funing County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, and Jinjiang Town, Shangri-La City, Diqing Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Pure strains L7061, L7013, L7062 and L7120 were obtained through tissue isolation and identified as A. heimuer. Using the commercial cultivar ‘Heibao 1’ as the control, the candidate strains were evaluated through a sequential process consisting of primary screening, secondary screening, differential identification, pilot-scale cultivation, and demonstration cultivation, followed by a comprehensive nutritional analysis. The results showed that strain L7061 produced solitary, single-piece fruiting bodies characterized by minimal back-side wrinkles, a small stipe base, entire margins, and a deep brown color. The fruiting body diameter was (7.26 ± 0.5) cm, thickness was (0.16 ± 0.02) cm, and the biological efficiency reached (114.3 ± 1.29)%. Strain L7013, by contrast, produced clustered fruiting bodies with wrinkled backs, thick and black pilei, a diameter of (6.2 ± 0.5) cm, a thickness of (0.18 ± 0.04) cm, and a biological efficiency of (123.5 ± 1.41)%. In terms of nutritional composition, L7061 contained 17.60 g·100 g-1 protein and 48 g·100 g-1 crude polysaccharides, while L7013 contained 20.50 g·100 g-1 protein and 45.6 g·100 g-1 crude polysaccharides, both significantly exceeding the values recorded for the control variety. On April 12, 2024, strains L7061 and L7013 passed the non-major crop variety certification of Yunnan Province and were officially named ‘Yun'er 1’ and ‘Yun'er 2’, with certification numbers Dianjian (Edible Fungi) 2024042 and 2024043, respectively.
  • Breeding of a New High Triterpenoid-Content Ganoderma lucidum Strain ‘Hunongzhi No.8’
    MENG Jing, ZHANG Henan, TAN Yi, FENG Jie, WANG Jinyan, FENG Na, ZHANG Jingsong, TANG Chuanhong
    2026, 33(04): 21-31. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.003
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    To develop a novel Ganoderma lucidum strain with improved contamination resistance, high triterpenoid content, and superior biological efficiency, protoplast monokaryon hybridization was performed using ‘Hunong Lingzhi No. 1’ (H1) and G0130 as parent strains. H1 is characterized by strong contaminant resistance and high biological efficiency, whereas G0130 has high triterpenoid content but weak contaminant resistance and relatively low biological efficiency. From 124 hybrid combinations, strains with superior mycelial growth were initially selected and subsequently subjected to cluster analysis using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. Based on the biological characteristics of the mycelia, 82 representative hybrid strains were selected across all cluster groups for cultivation trials. After systematic evaluation of biological efficiency, fruiting body yield, and triterpenoid content, a hybrid strain named GH20 was ultimately identified as the candidate with outstanding comprehensive traits. The triterpenoid content of GH20 fruiting bodies reached 1.68%-1.80%, approximately a 100% increase over H1, while remaining comparable to that of G0130. GH20 also showed excellent contaminant resistance, characterized by white, robust, and luxuriant mycelia with high growth rates, high fruiting uniformity, and a biological efficiency of up to 9.00%, equivalent to that of H1. Multi-site demonstration trials confirmed the stability and consistency of these superior traits. In 2020, GH20 was certified by the Shanghai Municipal Non-Major Crop Variety Approval Committee and officially designated as ‘Hunongzhi No. 8’.
  • Respiration Intensity, Physicochemical Indicators, and Their Correlation in Lentinula edodes Cultivation Sticks During Intensive Cultivation
    LIU Jinling, FAN Jiahao, DING Liang, ZHAO Xinping, SHI Ziwen, KONG Weili, LIU Sihai
    2026, 33(04): 32-40. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.004
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    To investigate the respiration intensity, physicochemical indicators, and their correlation in Lentinula edodes cultivation sticks (inoculated bags filled with culture substrate) under intensive cultivation, the following parameters of the cultivation sticks were measured throughout the cultivation process: respiration intensity, moisture content, pH, glucose content, D-xylose content, organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, cellulose content, hemicellulose content, lignin content, ethanol content, lactic acid content, ATP content, carboxymethyl cellulase activity, xylanase activity, laccase activity, and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity. The correlations among these indicators were also analyzed. The results showed that respiration intensity initially increased and then decreased, reaching its maximum at 43 d of cultivation (2 d after the first aeration treatment by punching holes on the cultivation bags). By 88 d of cultivation, moisture content, pH, C/N ratio, and the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were all lower than those at 10 d. The contents of D-xylose and ethanol peaked at 40 d of cultivation, while the contents of glucose and lactic acid, along with the activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, and laccase, reached their highest levels at 88 d of cultivation. ATP content and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity peaked at 42 d of cultivation. Respiration intensity showed a significant positive correlation with Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and ATP content (r≥0.79, P<0.05), and a significant negative correlated with pH (r=-0.72, P<0.05). These findings provide a reference for the intensive cultivation of L. edodes.
  • Selection and Classification of Quantitative Traits in Grifola frondosa Germplasm Resources
    ZHANG Meiyan, SONG Xiaoxia, PENG Changyu, SUN Shujing, LI Zhengpeng, LI Qiaozhen, XU Zhen, SONG Chunyan
    2026, 33(04): 41-49. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.005
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Quantitative traits of 56 Grifola frondosa strains were evaluated, including five mycelial traits (mycelial growth rate at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ℃) and five fruiting body traits (whole-fruiting body size, height, size-to-height ratio, pileus transverse diameter, and pileus thickness). Trait grades were assigned using the median-average-standard-deviation method. The results showed that the coefficient of variation (CV) among strains for all traits ranged from 13.25% to 29.36%, all exceeding the mean CV within strains (3.09%-15.47%), which indicated favorable polymorphism and stability of the measured data. Mycelial growth rates at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ℃ were divided into 7, 7, 9, 9, and 9 grade ranges, respectively. Whole fruiting body size, fruiting body height, size-to-height ratio, pileus transverse diameter, and pileus thickness were divided into 3, 5, 5, 7, and 7 grade ranges, respectively. These quantitative traits effectively distinguished the tested strains from one another. These results provide a reference for germplasm identification of G. frondosa and the development of its DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability) testing guidelines.
  • Effects of Continuous-Cropping of Morchella on Microbial Community and Metabolites in Sandy Soil
    HU Yue, ZHOU Qin, YU Haili, YIN Qi, ZHANG Shengyin, ZHANG Guanxing, ZHANG Shuncun, TAN Hao
    2026, 33(04): 50-62. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.006
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Continuous cropping remains a major bottleneck for the sustainable cultivation of morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.), yet the mechanisms driving yield decline in sandy soils are poorly understood. To address this, we examined how repeated cropping of Morchella sextelata in sandy soil affects the physicochemical environment, microbial communities, and metabolite profiles in the stipe base zone, and how these factors interact. The results showed that compared with non-continuous cropping, continuous cropping resulted in significantly increases in nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic carbon, while soil pH decreased. At the microbial level, the relative abundance of Fusarium and Mortierella rose in continuous cropping soil, whereas the phyla Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota were significantly decreased. Metabolomic profiling identified 349 upregulated differential metabolites, predominantly organic acids and derivatives, organic heterocyclic compounds, and benzenoid aromatic compounds. Among them, 7-oxo-8,15-isopimaradien-18-oic acid showed a significant negative correlation with Morchella abundance (P<0.05) and a highly significant positive correlation with Fusarium (P<0.01). These findings provide mechanistic insights to the continuous cropping problem in sandy soil-based morel cultivation and offer a foundation for developing targeted mitigation strategies.
  • Effects of Temperature and Exogenous γ-Aminobutyric Acid on Mycelial Growth and Extracellular Enzyme Activities in Phaeolus adiposa
    ZHANG Heng, XU Heng, BAO Junpeng, WANG Xiaoyu, LIU Wei, ZHOU Libo, HE Shan, PEI Longying
    2026, 33(04): 63-72. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.007
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Using a two-factor analysis of variance, the effects of temperature and exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on mycelial biomass accumulation, GABA content, peptide content in fermentation broth, and extracellular enzyme activity of Pholiota adiposa mycelia under submerged liquid culture were studied. The results showed that supplementation with 20 mmol·L-1 exogenous GABA followed by incubation at 28 ℃ for 12 d yielded the highest mycelial biomass (7.84 mg·mL-1), GABA content (0.53 mg·mL-1), and peptide content (4.92 mg·mL-1) in the fermentation broth. Under the same exogenous GABA supplementation concentration and incubation temperature, maximal amylase and xylanase activities were observed at 6 d (3 433.31 and 19 197.91 U·L-1 respectively), while peak cellulase activity was observed at 9 d (3 203.03 U·L-1). In contrast, supplementation with 60 mmol·L-1 exogenous GABA at 35 ℃ inhibited mycelial growth and reduced extracellular enzyme activities. These findings provide a reference for optimizing the submerged liquid culture process of P. adiposa and may facilitate the development of efficient cultivation protocols for this commercially valuable mushroom species.
  • Sedative Effects of Fruiting Bodies of Three Armillaria Species on p-Chlorophenylalanine-Induced Insomnia in Mice
    ZU Jihong, BAO Haiying, BAU Tolgor
    2026, 33(04): 73-81. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.008
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    The effects of three Armillaria species—Armillaria gallica, A. ostoyae, and A. desertorum—on para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced insomnia were studied in a mouse model. Mice were intragastrically administered fruiting body powders of the three species at high (2.0 g·kg-1) and low (1.0 g·kg-1) doses. Body mass and Morris water maze escape latency were measured. Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as hippocampal levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and glutamic acid (Glu), were determined. Histopathological changes in the liver, heart, and hippocampus were observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The results showed that, compared with the model group, all treatment groups showed significant increases in body mass and significant reductions in escape latency. All three Armillaria species decreased the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in serum. They elevated hippocampal levels of 5-HT and GABA while decreasing NE, DA and Glu levels. They also ameliorated insomnia-induced damage to the liver, heart and hippocampus. These findings provide a scientific reference for the further development and utilization of Armillaria species.
  • Ameliorative Effects of Gloeostereum incarnatum Polysaccharides on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice
    WANG Yiwen, WANG Xue, WANG Renying, XIA Mengzhuo, SONG Mingjie, BAO Haiying
    2026, 33(04): 82-92. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.009
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    To investigate the ameliorative effects of Gloeostereum incarnatum polysaccharides (GIP) on ulcerative colitis induced by 3% dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) in mice, animals were randomly assigned into the following groups: blank control (CON), DSS model (DSS), low-dose GIP (GIPL, 50 mg·kg-1), medium-dose GIP (GIPM, 100 mg·kg-1), high-dose GIP (GIPH, 200 mg·kg-1), and a positive control group treated with salazosulfapyridine (SASP, 200 mg·kg-1). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), content of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), and the activities of diamine oxidase (DAO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression of proteins related to the NF-κB signaling pathway and the intestinal tight junction-related proteins ZO-1 and Occludin. The results showed that compared with the DSS model group, GIPM and GIPH significantly ameliorated colonic tissue damage, with body weight notably restored in the GIPH group. Both GIPM and GIPH groups exhibited significantly reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores and DAO activity. Histopathological examination revealed that GIPM and GIPH treatment repaired colonic tissue architecture, ameliorated mucosal necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration, and restored normal tissue morphology. GIPM and GIPH also significantly increased GSH activity, and all GIP dose groups (GIPL, GIPM, GIPH) significantly increased SOD activity while decreasing MDA content and LDH activity. Serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were also significantly decreased across all GIP groups. GIPM and GIPH upregulated the expression of the intestinal tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Occludin, and suppressed the activation of the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. These findings suggest that GIP effectively alleviates DSS-induced UC by modulating oxidative stress, suppressing inflammation, and restoring intestinal barrier integrity through the NF-κB signaling pathway, providing a reference for the development of G. incarnatum as a functional food or therapeutic agent for ulcerative colitis.
  • Properties of Maillard Reaction Products from Stropharia rugosoannulata Polysaccharides and Proteins and Optimization of the Semi-Dry Process
    LIU Haixin, YANG Yupeng, LI Xiao, HUANG Shucheng, MA Bingji, WANG Li
    2026, 33(04): 93-104. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.010
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were prepared from Stropharia rugosoannulata polysaccharides (SRP) and proteins (SRD) using semi-dry and wet-heat methods, respectively. The resultant MRPs were determined for their emulsifying properties, foaming capacity, water holding capacity, oil absorption capacity, and antioxidant activities. Based on single-factor experiments, response surface methodology was used to optimize the reaction conditions for the semi-dry process. The results showed that the degree of grafting, browning index, emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, foaming capacity, water-holding capacity, and oil-holding capacity of the MRPs prepared by both methods were significantly superior to those of SRP and SRD alone. Moreover, the MRPs obtained by the semi-dry method (SRP-SRDD) showed overall better performance than those from the wet-heat method (SRP-SRDW). SRP, SRD, SRP-SRDD, and SRP-SRDW all scavenged DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radicals, and showed reducing power in a concentration-dependent manner. Both MRPs showed higher DPPH radical scavenging rates than SRP and SRD, while their ABTS radical scavenging rates and reducing powers exceeded those of SRD but remained lower than those of SRP. The optimal reaction conditions for the semi-dry process were determined as follows: reaction time of 60 min, temperature of 59 °C, and SRD-to-SRP mass ratio of 1∶2.15. Under these conditions, the degree of grafting reached 22.15%. These findings provide a reference for developing high-value-added products from S. rugosoannulata.
  • Analysis of the Formation, Loss, and Maintenance of Strain Performance in Edible Fungi
    BAO Dapeng
    2026, 33(04): 105-116. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2026.04.011
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    The stable expression of comprehensive agronomic traits in elite edible fungal strains during repeated propagation and cultivation is fundamental to strain quality assurance and the stable development of a modern spawn industry. Although the concept of strain performance has been widely used in edible fungus production, it lacks a unified and operational definition. From the perspective of dikaryotic genetic balance, the author systematically examined the core definition and biological basis of strain performance, its formation mechanism, causes of loss, and maintenance strategies. The author proposed that strain performance should not be equated with inherent genetic characteristics of a species. Instead, it refers to the capacity of a cultivated strain to consistently and stably express a suite of agronomic traits under specific production environments. For most cultivated basidiomycete edible fungi, dikaryotic mycelium serves as the primary biological entity for strain performance expression, production utilization, and manifestation of instability. The formation of strain performance typically involves the generation or recombination of genetic variation, an organizational transition from monokaryon to dikaryon, the establishment of dikaryotic genetic balance, and subsequent environmental selection and stabilization. Loss of strain performance results from a progressive disruption of dikaryotic genetic equilibrium—driven by continuous subculturing, accumulation of genetic mutations, biotic interactions and pathogen interference, and the interplay between environmental fluctuations and variation accumulation—ultimately leading to phenotypic strain degeneration. Maintaining strain performance requires the integration of strain preservation, rejuvenation, and renewal breeding into a unified management system: preservation aims to retain the original state as far as possible; rejuvenation targets repair of localized instability; and renewal breeding seeks to re-establish superior strain performance adapted to production needs. Long-term strain stability is achieved through full-cycle management. This review aims to weave the fragmented research on renewal breeding, degeneration, preservation, rejuvenation, and strain management into a coherent whole, thereby providing a testable and modifiable analytical framework for future studies. It also provides a reference for quality control of edible fungal strains and the development of a modern mushroom spawn industry system.
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