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  • Effects of CO2 and Illumination on Early Pileus Opening in Flammulina filiformis
    LIU Jianyu, WANG Ruijuan, LU Huan, XU Zhen, YU Hailong, SONG Chunyan, TAN Qi, SHANG Xiaodong
    2025, 32(02): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2025.02.001
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Early pileus opening during the development of Flammulina filiformis fruiting bodies seriously reduces its commodity value and needs to be addressed in factory production. The degree of early pileus opening was classified, and then the effects of CO2 (volumetric concentrations of 3% and 1.5%) and blue light illumination (400 lx) on early pileus opening were investigated. Using pileus diameter as the primary index, hormone contents were determined in both early pileus opening fruiting bodies and normal fruiting bodies with pilei remaining unopened. The results showed that 3% CO2 effectively inhibited pileus opening. Compared with the control (cultivated in darkness, pilei unopened), the blue light group showed increased pileus diameter and serious early pileus opening. Compared with the control, the contents of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, zeatin, trans-zeatin, N6-isopentenyladenosine, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid and jasmonic acid-isoleucine in early opening pilei were decreased, whereas the content of auxin in early opening pilei was increased. In the stipes of the early pileus opening fruiting bodies, the contents of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, trans-zeatin, N6-isopentenyladenosine, methyl jasmonate, auxin, gibberellic acid 7 and jasmonic acid-isoleucine were increased and the contents of zeatin, 6-(γ, γ-dimethylallylamino) purine and gibberellic acid 4 were decreased. These results provided a reference for solving the problem of early pileus opening in F. filiformis during factory production.
  • Transcriptome Analysis of Growth and Development-Related Genes in Morchella sextelata
    HU Jipeng, BAO Dapeng, YANG Ruiheng, GAO Heyu, TONG Letao, XU Aiguo, TANG Lihua
    2025, 32(02): 9-19. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2025.02.002
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Transcriptmone sequencing was carried out on mycelia (M), young fruiting bodies (FS), and mature fruiting bodies (FB) of Morchella sextelata. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed a total of 13 500 DEGs between FS and M, and 957 DEGs between FB and FS. GO enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs between FS and M were primarily enriched in carbohydrate metabolic processes, membrane functions, and catalytic activities, whereas the DEGs between FB and FS were mainly enriched in oxidation-reduction process, oxidoreductase activities, and respiratory chain functions. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs between FS and M were primarily enriched in pathways related to starch and sucrose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and autophagy, whereas the DEGs between FB and FS were mainly enriched in pathways associated with tyrosine metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and oxidative phosphorylation. The identified key DEGs associated with growth and development of M. sextelata included genes encoding transcription factors, autophagy-related proteins, laccases, and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), i.e., ap1, atg8, laccase2, laccase4, bgl2 and exg1. The activities of α-glucosidase, β-1,3-glucanase, laccase-2 and laccase-4 were significantly higher in FB and FS than those in M, with the highest activity observed in FB. These results provided a reference for understanding the mechanisms underlying the growth and development of Morchella spp. and identification of relevant functional genes.
  • Analysis of Colony Sectoring Phenomenon in Mycelial Growth of Lentinula edodes
    ZHANG Dan, XU Jiangzhen, DONG Haoran, WAN Jianing, TAN Qi, SONG Chunyan
    2025, 32(02): 20-29. https://doi.org/10.16488/i.cnki.1005-9873.2025.02.003
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Lentinula edodes strain L943 was subcultured on PDA medium until spontaneous colony sectoring was observed, and then hyphae in normal growth zone and sectorized growth zone were isolated to yield the normal growth strain L943Ctr and the sectorized growth strain L943Sec, respectively. L943Ctr and L943Sec were observed for growth on different media, measured for activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, acidic xylanase and laccase and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and compared for genetic variation at the genome level by whole-genome re-sequencing. The results showed that L943Sec exhibited a significant retardation in mycelial growth, accompanied by an increase in the production of aerial hyphae compared with the control L943Ctr. L943Sec also showed increased pigment production, significantly decreased carboxymethyl cellulase and acidic xylanase activities, significantly increased laccase activity, and a higher intracellular ROS content compared with L943Ctr. Through comparison with the reference genome of L. edodes L808-1, there were 16 differential loci between L943Ctr and L943Sec, among which 14 loci were located in intergenic sequences and the rest two were intragenic variations in the receptor-activated Ca2+-permeable cation channel gene. The results provided a reference for studies on strain degradation and strain quality assessment in L. edodes.
  • Hepatoprotective Effects of Armillaria mellea Polysaccharide on Alcoholic Liver Injury
    CHEN Ranran, WANG Jiayi, ZHANG Qing, SHEN Minghua
    2025, 32(02): 30-38. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005一9873.2025.02.004
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    To study the protective effects of Armillaria mellea polysaccharide (AMP) on alcohol liver injury in rats, a liver injury model (MOD) was established by intragastrically administering 40% (V:V) ethanol to rats at a dose of 15 mL·kg-1 for four weeks. The model rats were then randomly divided into two groups: low-dose AMP group (AMP-L) at 100 mg·kg-1 and high-dose AMP group (AMP-H) at 400 mg·kg-1. After four weeks of treatment, rats in different groups were measured for liver index, activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), alanine transaminase (ALT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and levels of albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Morphological changes of liver tissue were observed through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression levels of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), silent information regulator 3 (Sirt3), and acetylated superoxide dismutase 2 (Ac-SOD2) in liver tissue. The results showed that AMP ameliorated pathological damage in liver tissue with significantly decreased liver index in AMP-H, significantly decreased activities of ALT, AST and GGT in both AMP groups, significantly increased activities of SOD and SOD2 in AMP-H group, significantly increased ALB level in both AMP groups, extremely significant decreases of serum TG and TC levels in AMP-H group, extremely significant decrease of serum LDL-C in both AMP groups, extremely significant increase of serum HDL-C in both AMP groups, significantly decreased MDA level in both AMP groups, extremely significantly increased expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, Sirt3, and extremely significantly decreased expression level of Ac-SOD2 in both AMP groups compared with MOD. These results suggested that AMP has a protective effect on alcohol-induced liver injury in rats, and thus provided a reference for using AMP in mitigating hepatic injury.
  • Protective Effect of Clitocybe squamulosa Polysaccharide on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Liver Injury in Immunosuppressed Mice
    ZHANG Defang, HOU Shuting, WANG Wuxia, GE Guangliang, LI Zehui, MENG Junlong, CHANG Mingchang, GENG Xueran
    2025, 32(02): 39-48. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2025.02.005
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Mice were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide (CY) for three consecutive days to establish a liver injury model. Then, Clitocybe squamulosa fruiting body polysaccharide (CSFP) solution was administered to the model mice at 200, 400 and 800 mg·kg-1 by gavage, respectively. Different dose groups were then determined for contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in liver tissue. The mRNA levels of SOD, CAT, nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were also determined. The results showed that compared with the model group (CY), the CSFP groups showed increases in body weight, water intake and food intake. The activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px in the CSFP groups were significantly increased, and their MDA and GSH levels were significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Compared with the model group, the contents of TNF-α、IL-1β and IL-6 in the CSFP groups decreased significantly, whereas the content of IL-10 in all CSFP groups increased significantly. Fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that CSFP significantly inhibited abnormal decreases in Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, and abnormal increases in iNOS and COX-2 expression in the model group. In summary, CSFP inhibited the hepatic lipid peroxidation induced by CY, improved the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to alleviate oxidative stress, and inhibited the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2. These results suggested that CSFP may exert its protective effect on cyclophosphamide-induced liver injury through intervening oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions.
  • Nutritional Evaluation of Mycelial and Fruiting Body Proteins of Different Morchella spp. Strains and Their Crude Protein Extract Activities In vitro
    LIU Huimin, ZHANG Jinjing, CHEN Wanchao, HAO Haibo, CHEN Hui, HUANG Jingjing, LI Wei, YANG Yan
    2025, 32(02): 49-59. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2025.02.006
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Five strains of Morchella spp. were analyzed for contents of protein and hydrolyzed amino acids in both mycelia and fruiting bodies, and then compared for protein nutritional value between mycelia and fruiting bodies. Using ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction and acid precipitation, crude protein extracts were obtained from mycelia and fruiting bodies of the five strains respectively. The crude protein extracts were determined for their antioxidant activity, digestive characteristics and lipid-lowering activity in vitro. The results showed that the content of protein in fruiting bodies was higher than that in mycelia. The proportion of total essential amino acids in fruiting bodies and mycelia were 43.5%-48.8% and 38.8%-41.4%, respectively. Compared with the fruiting bodies, the mycelia of the five strains had a higher ratio of main umami amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) to total amino acids. On the other hand, the crude protein extracts from the fruiting bodies of the five strains showed superior antioxidant and digestive characteristics and a higher pancreatic lipase inhibition rate in vitro than those from the mycelia. This study provided a reference for development and utilization of mycelial and fruiting body proteins in morels.
  • Optimization of Decolorization and Deproteinization Process of Water Extract from Phlebopus portentosus Fruiting Bodies and Its Antioxidant Activity
    PAN Zhangchao, WEI Yanyu, WANG Yong
    2025, 32(02): 60-71. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2025.02.007
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Using decolorization rate, polysaccharide retention rate, deproteinization rate and composite score as indices, macroporous adsorption resin was screened for removing color and protein from aqueous extract of Phlebopus portentosus (AEPP). Based on the results of single-factor experiments, a response surface design was used to optimize the decolorization and deproteinization process. The decolorized and deproteinized AEPP, D-AEPP, was compared with AEPP in terms of physical and chemical characteristics, scavenging activity against ABTS, DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals in vitro, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. The results showed that the HPD-100 macroporous adsorption resin was the most effective for the decolorization and deproteinization of AEPP. The optimal process conditions were addition of 50% macroporous resin (m∶V), and then shaking at 75 ℃ for 6.3 h. Under these conditions, the decolorization rate, polysaccharide retention rate, protein removal rate, and the composite score were 73.53%, 83.65%, 99.89%, and 96.93%, respectively. The IC50 values of D-AEPP for scavenging ABTS, DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals were 7.40, 4.08, 0.37, and 0.42 mg·mL-1, respectively. These results provided a reference for optimization of decoloration and deproteinization process for fungal aqueous extracts.
  • Mycorrhiza Synthesis of Tuber borchii with Five Species of Pinus and Its Effect on Host Seedling Growth
    HUANG Lanlan, WAN Shanping, WANG Yanliang, YU Fuqiang
    2025, 32(02): 72-78. https://doi.org/10.1488.cnki.1005-9873.25.02.008
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    In order to study the symbiotic characteristics of Tuber borchii with domestic and exotic pine species and the effects on host plant growth, axenically germinated seedlings of Pinus armandii, P. yunnanensis, P. massoniana, P. radiata and P. thunbergii were selected to synthesize mycorrhizae with T. borchii by inoculation of spore suspension. Six month after inoculation, the obtained mycorrhizae were analyzed for morphological and anatomical characteristics, and the host seedlings were measured for height, stem diameter and canopy. The results showed that T. borchii successfully developed ectomycorrhizae with all five tested pine species. The mycorrhizae had similar morphology, with a bifurcated or coralloid structure, smooth or spiky emanating cystidia on the surface, typical labyrinth-shape outer mantle, and Harting net structure formed by invasion of hyphae into the intercellular space of the cortex. The colonization of T. borchii significantly increased the height and stem diameter of the P. yunnanensis and P. massoniana seedlings, but had no significant effect on those of the other three pine species. The results provided a reference for the introduction and cultivation of T. borchii in China.
  • Effect of Gelling Agent on Properties of Mycelium Composite
    HUANG Zhijian, DONG Yiyan, PENG Liucheng, ZHU Peiyao, ZHAO Haina, LEI Qiao, XIE Jing, CHEN Chenwei
    2025, 32(02): 79-88. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2025.02.009
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus were cultivated on a culture substrate comprising 25% bagasse, 25% cottonseed hull, 20% corncob, 20% wheat bran and 10% perlite to produce mycelium composite with the addition of a gelling mixture of xanthan gum and locust bean gum in a mass ratio of 3:2. The gelling mixture was added to the culture substrate at different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and the resultant mycelium composites were determined for materials performance. The results showed that the exterior surface of the control and mycelium composites containing 5% and 10% gelling mixture was smooth without bare substrate visible to the naked eye. On the other hand, the exterior surface of mycelium composites containing 15% and 20% gelling mixture appeared slightly rough, with incomplete mycelium coverage and partially exposed bare substrate. As the content of the gelling mixture in the culture substrate increased, the average diameter of mycelia in the substrate gradually decreased; the density gradually increased; the compressive strength, rebound resilience and flexural strength initially increased and then decreased; and the surface hydrophobicity gradually decreased. The resilience of the mycelium composite developed on 10% gelling mixture was the greatest (89.65%), and both compressive strength and flexural strength of the mycelium composite developed on 15% gelling mixture appeared to be the greatest, reaching 409.9 kPa and 67.94 kPa, respectively. There was no significant difference between the mycelium composites developed on 10%, 15% and 20% gelling mixture in terms of compressive strength and flexural strength. The comprehensive performance of the mycelium composite developed on 10% gelling mixture was the best. This study provided a reference for improving mechanical properties of mycelium composites.
  • History, Status and Trends of Pleurotus spp. Industry in China
    WEN Qing, LI Jiatao, SHEN Jinwen, HU Yanru, QI Yuancheng, WANG Fengqin, LIU Qing
    2025, 32(02): 89-103. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2025.02.010
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    The development history, present situation and existing problems of the Pleurotus spp. industry in China were summarized in terms of cultivation raw materials, cultivation techniques, seed industry, product processing and cultivation scale. The development trends of the Pleurotus spp. industry were envisioned, and suggestions for high-quality development of Pleurotus spp. industry in China were proposed.
  • Advance in Application of Multigene Analysis Technology in Cordyceps Research
    ZHU Xinyan, BAO Sumin, LI Chunru, LI Zengzhi
    2025, 32(02): 104-114. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2025.02.011
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Multigene analysis technology has been used to clarify the geographical lineage origin, genetic relationship and genetic differentiation of hosts of Cordyceps spp., and thus provides a method for establishing taxonomic status, discovering new species and genera, and identifying the authenticity of Cordyceps spp. at the molecular level. Research progress in the phylogeny of Cordyceps spp. by using multi-gene linkage analysis technology in recent years was summarized, discussed and prospected.The family status, regulatory role and structural characteristics of heat shock protein gene (hsp70), RNA polymerase genes (rpb1 and rpb2), mating type genes (mat-alpha and mat-HMG), 18SrDNA (nrSSU), 28SrDNA (nrLSU), ITS gene, Eukaryotic translation elongation factor (ef-1α), beta-tubulin gene (β-tubulin), mitochondrial cytochrome genes (cytb and coI) and serine protein gene (csp1) in eukaryotes were reviewed. Primer name, base sequence and fragment length for multigene amplification in cordycipitoid fungi were described.
  • Research Progress on Regulatory Effects of Plant Hormones on Biosynthesis of Ganoderma lucidum Triterpenoids
    ZHANG Yuanjing, WANG Mei, MA Zheng, CAI Weiming
    2025, 32(02): 115-122. https://doi.org/10.16488/j.cnki.1005-9873.2025.02.012
    Abstract ( ) PDF ( ) Knowledge map Save
    Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum are a group of active components with diverse pharmacological effects and significant clinical and commercial values. As secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of G. lucidum triterpenoids are regulated by genetic and environmental factors. Exogenous plant growth regulators, including ethylene, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, polyamines and melatonin, are involved in the biosynthesis of G. lucidum triterpenoids. The research progress of these exogenous regulators are reviewed so as to provide a reference for high-efficiency production and development of G. lucidum triterpenoids.
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