Fifty two wild Pleurotus tuoliensis strains from Tacheng area of Xinjiang province were analyzed for genetic diversity using ISSR markers. They were also observed and measured for agronomic traits (five qualitative and ten quantitative traits), and then evaluated based on the quantitative traits. For genetic diversity analysis, the genomic DNA of the 52 strains were extracted from their mycelia, amplified for ISSR markers, measured for number of alleles, number of polymorphic loci, percentage of polymorphic loci, and number of effective alleles, and calculated for Shannon diversity index and Nei’s gene diversity index. Then a dendrogram of the ISSR sequences of the 52 strains of P. tuoliensis was constructed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) algorithm. For the quantitative traits, Q-cluster analysis and principal component analysis were carried out by SPSS16. The results showed that a total of 64 polymorphic loci were amplified by 10 ISSR primers, and the average Nei’s gene diversity index was 0.25. The wildP. tuoliensis strains were categorized into five clusters by UPGMA cluster analysis, and the genetic similarity coefficients were between 0.63 and 0.93. Shannon diversity index for the five qualitative traits ranged from 1.01 to 1.26, and that for the 10 quantitative traits ranged from 1.82 to 2.05, with the largest diversity index of 2.05 for stipe diameter. When the squared Euclidean distance of the Q-cluster analysis of the quantitative traits was 15, the 52 strains were categorized into three groups, including strain JZB2106018 in group 1, strain JZB2106020 in group 2, and the remaining 50 strains in group 3. There was a rich genetic diversity within the 52 strains. Based on the eigenvalues, eigenvectors of each principal component and the standardized quantitative trait data, comprehensive scores were calculated for each strain, and three strains, JZB2106048, JZB2106045 and JZB2106039, showed a high comprehensive score. The single fruiting body weights of the three strains were also relatively large. They can be used as breeding materials or high-quality germplasm resources for P. tuoliensis.

Through optimization of HPLC conditions, a highly efficient HPLC method for determination of ergosterol in Ganoderma lucidum spore oil was established and then used to determine ergosterol inG. lucidum spore oil samples stored under -20 ℃ or room temperature with or without the presence of vitamin E. The methodological validation results showed that there was a good linear relationship in the concentration range of 2.5-100 μg·L^-1 for ergosterol, and the R² was 0.999 1. The precision, accuracy, stability of the HPLC method was outstanding with a recovery rate of 95.21%-102.07%. This simple, accurate, and stable HPLC method enabled rapid and precise quantification of ergosterol in G. lucidum spore oil, and thus provided a basis for quality assessment of G. lucidum spore oil. The results showed that compared with ergosterol contents of G. lucidum spore oil samples stored at -20 ℃, the ergosterol contents of spoil oil samples from the same batch but stored under room temperature were decreased by 32.1%-47.2% when stored for the same duration. When stored under room temperature, the ergosterol contents of spore oil samples without the addition of vitamin E were 24.1%-28.7% lower than the ergosterol contents of spore oil samples added with vitamin E. These results suggested that frozen storage and vitamin E addition effectively maintained ergosterol content in G. lucidum spore oil, and at the same time provided a reference for establishing a new method for quality evaluation ofG. lucidum spore oil products.

In order to investigate the effects of Clitocybe squamulosa fruiting body polysaccharide (CSFP) on physicochemical and structural properties of corn starch, CSFP was added to corn starch at 0, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% based on dry substrate, respectively. These CSFP-cornstarch complexes were then measured for gelatinization properties, rheology properties and texture properties, observed for microstructure by scanning electron microscopy, and analyzed for infrared spectrum. The results showed that CSFP delayed gelatinization of cornstarch, i.e., as the CSFP addition concentration increased, the peak viscosity, minimum viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown viscosity and setback viscosity of cornstarch gelatinization decreased, and the gelatinization temperature increased. The static rheological results showed that both cornstarch paste and the complexes were shear-diluted pseudoplastic fluids, and as the CSFP concentration increased, the fluid index (n) and consistency coefficient (K) increased and decreased, respectively. The dynamic rheological results showed that both cornstarch paste and the CSFP-cornstarch complexes showed weak gel-like behavior. The microstructure of cornstarch turned loose and the internal gaps became larger as a result of the addition of CSFP. After the addition of CSFP, there was no new groups formed in the complexes as shown by infrared spectrum scanning, and the short-range order of the cornstarch structure in the complexes increased. CSFP reduced the hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, chewiness and stickiness of cornstarch paste, providing a reference for development of easy-to-swallow foods.

Using a shaking-static cultivation cycle of 2.8 d shaking -7.3 d static -0.2 d shaking -0.3 d static, mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum were cultivated in 250 mL shake flasks, 3 L, 5 L, and 50 L bioreactors, respectively. At the same time, continues shaking cultivation at these scales were set as controls. Then mycelia harvested from different cultivation scales were measured for biomass and total triterpene content, and aqueous extracts of mycelia harvested from different cultivation scales were measured for contents of total triterpenes, total phenols, and total sugar. The aqueous extracts were also determined for their activities on scavenging ABTS, DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals. The results showed that mycelia of shaking-static cultivation groups contained higher amount of total triterpenes compared with the control groups. Under the shaking-static cultivation mode, cultivation in bioreactors achieved higher biomass than cultivation in 250 mL shake flasks, while cultivation at 250 mL scale resulted in the highest total triterpene content among all scales. For aqueous extracts of mycelia obtained under the shaking-static cultivation mode, the aqueous extract of3 L bioreactor cultivated mycelia contained the highest contents of total triterpenes and total sugar, whereas the aqueous extract of 250 mL shake flask cultivated mycelia and that of 3 L bioreactor cultivated mycelia contained high levels of total phenols. In terms of antioxidant activity in vitro, the aqueous extract of 3 L bioreactor cultivated mycelia showed the strongest ABTS radical scavenging activity [IC₅₀ (12.31 ± 0.23) mg·mL^-1],while the aqueous extract of 250 mL shake flask cultivated mycelia exhibited the highest activity on scavenging DPPH radicals [IC₅₀ (4.53 ± 0.24) mg·mL^-1]. For superoxide anion radicals, the aqueous extracts of mycelia from 3 L and 50 L bioreactors showed relatively strong scavenging activity, with IC₅₀ of(12.29 ± 0.61) mg·mL^-1 and (12.66 ± 0.68) mg·mL^-1, respectively. For hydroxyl radicals, the aqueous extracts of mycelia from 250 mL shake flasks, 5 L, and 50 L bioreactors showed strong scavenging activity, with IC₅₀ of (12.52 ± 0.73) mg·mL^-1, (11.87 ± 0.46) mg·mL^-1, and (11.57 ± 0.33) mg·mL^-1, respectively. These findings provided a reference for industrialized production and applications of G. lucidum mycelia by liquid fermentation.

Water extract of artificially cultivated Pholiota adiposa (WPA) was prepared and analyzed for nutritional components. An H22 tumor-bearing mouse model (MC) was established, along with a blank control group (NC, saline by gavage), a positive control group (PC, 25 mg·kg^-1 cyclophosphamide), low-dose WPA group (L-WPA, 100 mg·kg^-1), medium-dose WPA group (M-WPA, 200 mg·kg^-1) and high-dose WPA group (H-WPA, 300 mg·kg^-1). After 15 consecutive days of treatment, mice in different groups were measured for tumor suppression rate, organ indices, and contents of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mouse serum by ELISA. Tumor tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and determined for tumor cell apoptosis by TUNEL assay. The expression of proteins associated with tumor apoptosis, i.e., BAX, Bcl-2, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and VEGF, was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results showed that compared with MC, the thymus index and spleen index of M-WPA and H-WPA were significantly increased, the tumor mass of WPA treated mice were extremely significantly decreased, the contents of IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α in all WPA groups were significantly increased, and the contents of IL-6, VEGF, AST and BUN in all WPA groups were significantly decreased. Regardless of dose, the tumor apoptosis rates of all WPA groups significantly increased compared with MC. WPA also resulted in significant increases in the expression of BAX, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and significant decreases in the expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF. These results provided a reference for the development and utilization of P. adiposa.

Sanguinoderma spp. are edible and medicinal macrofungi rich in various bioactive compounds with antitumor and antioxidant effects. However, the biological characteristics and domestication of Sanguinoderma spp. haven’t been well studied yet. Wild fruiting bodies of S. ovisporum were collected from Dehong, Yunnan Province, and then a strain named FDCU XZ-3 was isolated by tissue isolation. Through single-factor and orthogonal experiments, the effects of different carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, and temperature on mycelial growth rate and mycelium vigor of FDCU XZ-3 were determined. The results showed that the optimal culture conditions for mycelial growth of FDCU XZ-3, i.e., temperature, carbon source, nitrogen source, and inorganic salt, were 28℃, fructose, soy peptone, and sodium chloride, respectively. Fruiting bodies of FDCU XZ-3 were developed on casing soil, and the pileus size, pileus thickness and dry weight per mushroom were (10.20±1.94) cm × (7.36±2.43) cm, (0.4±0.1) cm, and (12.60±4.79) g, respectively. These results provided a reference for cultivation and utilization of S. ovisporum.

Fresh fruiting bodies of Volvariella volvacea V06 were harvested and randomly divided into the following groups: precooling group [cooled by cooling fan to (15±1) ℃ and then stored under (15±1) ℃ and (80±5)% relative humidity], no precooling group [directly stored under(15±1) ℃ and (80±5)% relative humidity after harvest], and room temperature group [directly stored under (23±1) ℃ and (65±5)% relative humidity after harvest]. Fruiting bodies of different treatment groups were then evaluated for sensory characteristics, determined for hardness and browning index, and measured for malondialdehyde (MDA) content and ATP content, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-related enzyme activities. The results showed that storage under (15±1) ℃ and (80±5)% relative humidity effectively delayed the spoilage of V. volvacea, and precooling further delayed the browning and dehydration of V. volvacea, inhibited the increase of MDA content, and reduced the activity of PPO. The precooling treatment slowed down the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential, maintained the TCA cycle rate at a relatively stable level, delayed the decrease of activities of mitochondrial complexes Ⅰ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ, kept ATP at a high level, and prolonged the shelf life of V. volvacea from 1 d to 4 d. These results provided a reference for postharvest preservation of V. volvacea.

Morchella sextelata was observed for nuclear morphology of ascus, ascospore, primary hypha and secondary hypha by fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that initially there were 10-24 nuclei per ascus, which then moved to the tip and gathered. After cell division, eight oval-shaped ascospores were formed and arranged vertically in a column per ascus. After ascospores were ejected from asci, their volume doubled after cultured for 6 h, and the number of nuclei increased from 9-15 per ascospore to about 21-27 per ascospore. As the cultivation continued, ascospore tip bulged and developed 1-2 germ tubes, which then further elongated and developed septa. There were both single mating type and double mating type in primary hyphae, whereas secondary hyphae were exclusively double mating type. Under microscopic observation, there were differences in nuclear morphology between primary hyphae and secondary hyphae. Primary hyphae typically held 25-52 nuclei per cell, and the nuclei were predominantly granular and small. On the other hand, secondary hyphae typically held 3-10 nuclei per cell, and the nuclei were mostly clumpy and large. Regardless of nuclear shape, both granular and clumpy nuclei were able to transport genetic material between cells through septum.

Using 20 ℃ as the control, the effects of high-temperature (33 ℃) stress on gene expression in mycelia of Morchella sextelata were studied. Comparative transcriptome analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two experimental conditions. Five randomly selected DEGs were validated by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR), and the correlation between trasnscriptiome data and qPCR results was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. The identified DEGs were analyzed for gene ontology (GO) and KEGG metabolic pathway. Based on the screened metabolic pathways, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was carried out to identify genes involved in high-temperature response of mycelia. The results showed that there were 2 112 DEGs between the high-temperature group and the control group. Among them, 799 genes were up-regulated, and 1 313 genes were down-regulated. There was a highly significant positive correlation (R²=0.88) between the qPCR results and the transcriptome sequencing data of the five randomly selected DEGs. The GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were primarily enriched in DNA replication, lipid metabolism, membrane components, DNA binding, and drug binding. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in several crucial metabolic pathways, such as mismatch repair, ABC transporter, starch and sucrose metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, two-component system, RNA degradation, and carbon metabolism.Ten key DEGs were identified to be associated with high-temperature stress, and they were genes encoding DNA helicase, molecular chaperone protein, pyruvate kinase, malolactic enzyme, ATP-binding protein, multidrug resistance efflux pump protein, phosphodiesterase, histidine kinase, transketolase, and fructose-6-phosphate ketolase. These findings provided a reference for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying response of M. sextelata to high-temperature stress.

Pleurotus eryngii strain Pe0100 was analyzed for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene sequences, and expression pattern of PAL genes across five developmental stages, mycelium, primordium, young mushroom, elongation, and maturation. In particular, the expression of PAL genes in pileus and stipe was compared at the young mushroom, elongation and maturation stages. Using Pe0100 as the control, one of the PAL genes in P. eryngii, PePAL1, was overexpressed in Pe0100 by transformation of the overexpression plasmid Pe-PAL1. The PePAL1 overexpression transformants were then observed for phenotypic characteristics and analyzed for correlation between PAL activity and PAL gene expression in mature pileus. The results showed that there were two PAL genes, PePAL1 and PePAL2, in the genome of Pe0100. Compared with stipe, pileus showed higher expression of PePAL1 at the young mushroom, elongation and maturation stages. On the other hand, PePAL2 showed a higher expression level than PePAL1 in mycelium, and remained a stable expression level during the rest of the developmental stages. Four PePAL1 overexpression transformants, OE#3, OE#10, OE#16 and OE#18, were obtained. All of them produced dark brown striped pigmentation on the surface of their pilei, and there was a positive correlation between PePAL1 expression and PAL enzyme activity in mature pileus. These results provided a reference for breeding of newP. eryngii cultivars.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ubiquitously exists in edible fungi, is a non-protein natural amino acid with important physiological functions. The content of GABA is high in Flammulina filiformis. To understand the biosynthetic mechanism of GABA in F. filiformis, samples of F. filiformis fruiting bodies at 15 d, 21 d and 25 d after scratching were analyzed for transcriptome data, with 15-21 d defined as elongation stage and 21-25 d defined as mature stage. Samples of different collection time were also measured for contents of GABA and its precursors so as to identify genes related to GABA biosynthesis. RT-qPCR and addition of key substances in the biosynthesis pathway were used to verify the identified genes. The results showed that GABA and its synthetic precursors, glutamate and ornithine, initially increased and then decreased as the fruiting bodies elongate and mature, whereas the content of arginine kept increasing. Compared with the samples of 15 d, there were 869 and 641 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the elongation and mature stages, respectively. GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in secondary units such as putrescine catabolism, polyamine catabolism, ornithine biosynthesis, and glutamate metabolism. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in metabolism of various amino acids and biosynthesis of steroids and folate. By RT-qPCR validation and functional prediction analysis, scaffold1.g1430, scaffold1.g390, scaffold6.g197, scaffold9.g519, and scaffold11.g88 were potential important genes related to GABA biosynthesis in F. filiformis, and they were also involved in the synthesis of various precursors in the GABA shunt and polyamine degradation pathway. The addition of 0.5 g·L^-1 L-glutamic acid and 0.2 g·L^-1 CaCl₂ to liquid medium increased GABA content in mycelia of F. filiformis, suggesting that the GABA shunt may be involved in GABA biosynthesis in F. filiformis. These findings provided a reference for elucidating the GABA metabolic pathway in F. filiformis.

Using the auxotrophic screening marker gene ura3 as the target, CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-mediated gene editing was carried out on dikaryotic Ganoderma lucidum strain G0119 (cultivar ‘Hunong Lingzhi No.1’) and its mating-compatible monokaryotic strains L1 and L2. The editing efficiencies between the monokaryotic and dikaryotic strains were compared. The edited monokaryotic strains of L1 and L2 were crossed to generate dikaryotic strains with homozygous mutations in ura3. The results showed that seven edited strains of G0119 were obtained. Crossing of these edited G0119 strains with edited strains of L1 and L2 showed that all seven edited G0119 strains were heterozygous: six of them were edited in their L1-type nuclei, and the remaining one was edited in its L2-type nuclei. There were 10 and 7 monokaryotic edited strains of L1 and L2, respectively, and the editing efficiency of L1 nuclei was 100%. Crossings of monokaryotic edited strains L1-2×L2-1, both having a C-base deletion in ura3, and monokaryotic edited strains L1-5×L2-3, both containing an A-base insertion in ura3, generated two dikaryotic homozygous ura3 disrupted strains. This is a showcase of obtaining dikaryotic G. lucidum mutants with homozygous mutations in targeted genes through CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein-mediated gene editing and single hybridization. This strategy also provided a new approach for phenotypic analysis of dikaryotic G. lucidum strains by enabling precise genetic manipulation of targeted genes.

Triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum are a group of active components with diverse pharmacological effects and significant clinical and commercial values. As secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of G. lucidum triterpenoids are regulated by genetic and environmental factors. Exogenous plant growth regulators, including ethylene, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, polyamines and melatonin, are involved in the biosynthesis of G. lucidum triterpenoids. The research progress of these exogenous regulators are reviewed so as to provide a reference for high-efficiency production and development of G. lucidum triterpenoids.

Multigene analysis technology has been used to clarify the geographical lineage origin, genetic relationship and genetic differentiation of hosts of Cordyceps spp., and thus provides a method for establishing taxonomic status, discovering new species and genera, and identifying the authenticity of Cordyceps spp. at the molecular level. Research progress in the phylogeny of Cordyceps spp. by using multi-gene linkage analysis technology in recent years was summarized, discussed and prospected.The family status, regulatory role and structural characteristics of heat shock protein gene (hsp70), RNA polymerase genes (rpb1 and rpb2), mating type genes (mat-alpha and mat-HMG), 18SrDNA (nrSSU), 28SrDNA (nrLSU), ITS gene, Eukaryotic translation elongation factor (ef-1α), beta-tubulin gene (β-tubulin), mitochondrial cytochrome genes (cytb and coI) and serine protein gene (csp1) in eukaryotes were reviewed. Primer name, base sequence and fragment length for multigene amplification in cordycipitoid fungi were described.

The development history, present situation and existing problems of the Pleurotus spp. industry in China were summarized in terms of cultivation raw materials, cultivation techniques, seed industry, product processing and cultivation scale. The development trends of the Pleurotus spp. industry were envisioned, and suggestions for high-quality development of Pleurotus spp. industry in China were proposed.

Mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus were cultivated on a culture substrate comprising 25% bagasse, 25% cottonseed hull, 20% corncob, 20% wheat bran and 10% perlite to produce mycelium composite with the addition of a gelling mixture of xanthan gum and locust bean gum in a mass ratio of 3:2. The gelling mixture was added to the culture substrate at different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) and the resultant mycelium composites were determined for materials performance. The results showed that the exterior surface of the control and mycelium composites containing 5% and 10% gelling mixture was smooth without bare substrate visible to the naked eye. On the other hand, the exterior surface of mycelium composites containing 15% and 20% gelling mixture appeared slightly rough, with incomplete mycelium coverage and partially exposed bare substrate. As the content of the gelling mixture in the culture substrate increased, the average diameter of mycelia in the substrate gradually decreased; the density gradually increased; the compressive strength, rebound resilience and flexural strength initially increased and then decreased; and the surface hydrophobicity gradually decreased. The resilience of the mycelium composite developed on 10% gelling mixture was the greatest (89.65%), and both compressive strength and flexural strength of the mycelium composite developed on 15% gelling mixture appeared to be the greatest, reaching 409.9 kPa and 67.94 kPa, respectively. There was no significant difference between the mycelium composites developed on 10%, 15% and 20% gelling mixture in terms of compressive strength and flexural strength. The comprehensive performance of the mycelium composite developed on 10% gelling mixture was the best. This study provided a reference for improving mechanical properties of mycelium composites.

In order to study the symbiotic characteristics of Tuber borchii with domestic and exotic pine species and the effects on host plant growth, axenically germinated seedlings of Pinus armandii, P. yunnanensis, P. massoniana, P. radiata and P. thunbergii were selected to synthesize mycorrhizae with T. borchii by inoculation of spore suspension. Six month after inoculation, the obtained mycorrhizae were analyzed for morphological and anatomical characteristics, and the host seedlings were measured for height, stem diameter and canopy. The results showed that T. borchii successfully developed ectomycorrhizae with all five tested pine species. The mycorrhizae had similar morphology, with a bifurcated or coralloid structure, smooth or spiky emanating cystidia on the surface, typical labyrinth-shape outer mantle, and Harting net structure formed by invasion of hyphae into the intercellular space of the cortex. The colonization of T. borchii significantly increased the height and stem diameter of the P. yunnanensis and P. massoniana seedlings, but had no significant effect on those of the other three pine species. The results provided a reference for the introduction and cultivation of T. borchii in China.

Using decolorization rate, polysaccharide retention rate, deproteinization rate and composite score as indices, macroporous adsorption resin was screened for removing color and protein from aqueous extract of Phlebopus portentosus (AEPP). Based on the results of single-factor experiments, a response surface design was used to optimize the decolorization and deproteinization process. The decolorized and deproteinized AEPP, D-AEPP, was compared with AEPP in terms of physical and chemical characteristics, scavenging activity against ABTS, DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals in vitro, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. The results showed that the HPD-100 macroporous adsorption resin was the most effective for the decolorization and deproteinization of AEPP. The optimal process conditions were addition of 50% macroporous resin (m∶V), and then shaking at 75 ℃ for 6.3 h. Under these conditions, the decolorization rate, polysaccharide retention rate, protein removal rate, and the composite score were 73.53%, 83.65%, 99.89%, and 96.93%, respectively. The IC₅₀ values of D-AEPP for scavenging ABTS, DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals were 7.40, 4.08, 0.37, and 0.42 mg·mL^-1, respectively. These results provided a reference for optimization of decoloration and deproteinization process for fungal aqueous extracts.

Five strains of Morchella spp. were analyzed for contents of protein and hydrolyzed amino acids in both mycelia and fruiting bodies, and then compared for protein nutritional value between mycelia and fruiting bodies. Using ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction and acid precipitation, crude protein extracts were obtained from mycelia and fruiting bodies of the five strains respectively. The crude protein extracts were determined for their antioxidant activity, digestive characteristics and lipid-lowering activity in vitro. The results showed that the content of protein in fruiting bodies was higher than that in mycelia. The proportion of total essential amino acids in fruiting bodies and mycelia were 43.5%-48.8% and 38.8%-41.4%, respectively. Compared with the fruiting bodies, the mycelia of the five strains had a higher ratio of main umami amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) to total amino acids. On the other hand, the crude protein extracts from the fruiting bodies of the five strains showed superior antioxidant and digestive characteristics and a higher pancreatic lipase inhibition rate in vitro than those from the mycelia. This study provided a reference for development and utilization of mycelial and fruiting body proteins in morels.

Mice were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide (CY) for three consecutive days to establish a liver injury model. Then, Clitocybe squamulosa fruiting body polysaccharide (CSFP) solution was administered to the model mice at 200, 400 and 800 mg·kg^-1 by gavage, respectively. Different dose groups were then determined for contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in liver tissue. The mRNA levels of SOD, CAT, nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were also determined. The results showed that compared with the model group (CY), the CSFP groups showed increases in body weight, water intake and food intake. The activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px in the CSFP groups were significantly increased, and their MDA and GSH levels were significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Compared with the model group, the contents of TNF-α、IL-1β and IL-6 in the CSFP groups decreased significantly, whereas the content of IL-10 in all CSFP groups increased significantly. Fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that CSFP significantly inhibited abnormal decreases in Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, and abnormal increases in iNOS and COX-2 expression in the model group. In summary, CSFP inhibited the hepatic lipid peroxidation induced by CY, improved the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to alleviate oxidative stress, and inhibited the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2. These results suggested that CSFP may exert its protective effect on cyclophosphamide-induced liver injury through intervening oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions.

To study the protective effects of Armillaria mellea polysaccharide (AMP) on alcohol liver injury in rats, a liver injury model (MOD) was established by intragastrically administering 40% (V:V) ethanol to rats at a dose of 15 mL·kg^-1 for four weeks. The model rats were then randomly divided into two groups: low-dose AMP group (AMP-L) at 100 mg·kg^-1 and high-dose AMP group (AMP-H) at 400 mg·kg^-1. After four weeks of treatment, rats in different groups were measured for liver index, activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), alanine transaminase (ALT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and levels of albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Morphological changes of liver tissue were observed through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Western blot analysis was used to determine the expression levels of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), silent information regulator 3 (Sirt3), and acetylated superoxide dismutase 2 (Ac-SOD2) in liver tissue. The results showed that AMP ameliorated pathological damage in liver tissue with significantly decreased liver index in AMP-H, significantly decreased activities of ALT, AST and GGT in both AMP groups, significantly increased activities of SOD and SOD2 in AMP-H group, significantly increased ALB level in both AMP groups, extremely significant decreases of serum TG and TC levels in AMP-H group, extremely significant decrease of serum LDL-C in both AMP groups, extremely significant increase of serum HDL-C in both AMP groups, significantly decreased MDA level in both AMP groups, extremely significantly increased expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, Sirt3, and extremely significantly decreased expression level of Ac-SOD2 in both AMP groups compared with MOD. These results suggested that AMP has a protective effect on alcohol-induced liver injury in rats, and thus provided a reference for using AMP in mitigating hepatic injury.

Lentinula edodes strain L943 was subcultured on PDA medium until spontaneous colony sectoring was observed, and then hyphae in normal growth zone and sectorized growth zone were isolated to yield the normal growth strain L943Ctr and the sectorized growth strain L943Sec, respectively. L943Ctr and L943Sec were observed for growth on different media, measured for activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, acidic xylanase and laccase and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and compared for genetic variation at the genome level by whole-genome re-sequencing. The results showed that L943Sec exhibited a significant retardation in mycelial growth, accompanied by an increase in the production of aerial hyphae compared with the control L943Ctr. L943Sec also showed increased pigment production, significantly decreased carboxymethyl cellulase and acidic xylanase activities, significantly increased laccase activity, and a higher intracellular ROS content compared with L943Ctr. Through comparison with the reference genome of L. edodes L808-1, there were 16 differential loci between L943Ctr and L943Sec, among which 14 loci were located in intergenic sequences and the rest two were intragenic variations in the receptor-activated Ca²⁺-permeable cation channel gene. The results provided a reference for studies on strain degradation and strain quality assessment in L. edodes.

Transcriptmone sequencing was carried out on mycelia (M), young fruiting bodies (FS), and mature fruiting bodies (FB) of Morchella sextelata. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed a total of 13 500 DEGs between FS and M, and 957 DEGs between FB and FS. GO enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs between FS and M were primarily enriched in carbohydrate metabolic processes, membrane functions, and catalytic activities, whereas the DEGs between FB and FS were mainly enriched in oxidation-reduction process, oxidoreductase activities, and respiratory chain functions. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs between FS and M were primarily enriched in pathways related to starch and sucrose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and autophagy, whereas the DEGs between FB and FS were mainly enriched in pathways associated with tyrosine metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and oxidative phosphorylation. The identified key DEGs associated with growth and development of M. sextelata included genes encoding transcription factors, autophagy-related proteins, laccases, and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), i.e., ap1, atg8, laccase2, laccase4, bgl2 and exg1. The activities of α-glucosidase, β-1,3-glucanase, laccase-2 and laccase-4 were significantly higher in FB and FS than those in M, with the highest activity observed in FB. These results provided a reference for understanding the mechanisms underlying the growth and development of Morchella spp. and identification of relevant functional genes.

Early pileus opening during the development of Flammulina filiformis fruiting bodies seriously reduces its commodity value and needs to be addressed in factory production. The degree of early pileus opening was classified, and then the effects of CO₂ (volumetric concentrations of 3% and 1.5%) and blue light illumination (400 lx) on early pileus opening were investigated. Using pileus diameter as the primary index, hormone contents were determined in both early pileus opening fruiting bodies and normal fruiting bodies with pilei remaining unopened. The results showed that 3% CO₂ effectively inhibited pileus opening. Compared with the control (cultivated in darkness, pilei unopened), the blue light group showed increased pileus diameter and serious early pileus opening. Compared with the control, the contents of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, zeatin, trans-zeatin, N6-isopentenyladenosine, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid and jasmonic acid-isoleucine in early opening pilei were decreased, whereas the content of auxin in early opening pilei was increased. In the stipes of the early pileus opening fruiting bodies, the contents of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, trans-zeatin, N6-isopentenyladenosine, methyl jasmonate, auxin, gibberellic acid 7 and jasmonic acid-isoleucine were increased and the contents of zeatin, 6-(γ, γ-dimethylallylamino) purine and gibberellic acid 4 were decreased. These results provided a reference for solving the problem of early pileus opening in F. filiformis during factory production.

Pleurotus giganteus is a rapidly developing rare edible fungus. It has advantages of high temperature tolerance, easy cultivation and delicious taste, etc. At present, P. giganteus is cultivated on a large scale in many provinces in China. This review included the classification, biological characteristics, cultivation technology, genetics and breeding, and nutritional and medicinal value of P. giganteus. Future prospects and existing problems were also discussed so as to provide a reference for high-quality development P. giganteus.

The antitumor substances (crude extracts and compounds) of Inonotus obliquus were summarized, and their antitumor mechanisms were elucidated from both direct and indirect aspects. The existing problems and insights for future study directions were pointed out, so as to provide a reference for antitumor research of I. obliquus.

For accurate and efficient detection of yellow spot disease in Pleurotus ostreatus, a model named YOLOv5s-GCE was developed based on the YOLOv5s model. YOLOv5s-GCE integrated a lightweight GhostNet structure, embedded a coordinate attention (CA) module into the YOLOv5s backbone, and substituted the original CIOU loss function of YOLOv5s with the enhanced intersection over union (EIOU) loss function. Using a self-built yellow spot disease dataset, ablation and comparison experiments were conducted on YOLOv5s-GCE. Subsequently, the model was deployed on an RK3588S AI development board for validation. The results showed that YOLOv5s-GCE outperformed YOLOv5s in terms of mean average precision (mAP) (92.7%, 2.7% increase over the baseline), complexity (significantly reduced), parameter count (decreased by 44.7%), model size (decreased by 43.4%) , and computational cost (decreased by 47.2% in giga floating-point operations per second, GFLOPs). The overall performance of YOLOv5s-GCE was superior to other typical object detection models, such as SSD, YOLOv7, YOLOv8n, and Faster R-CNN. The detection speed of YOLOv5s-GCE deployed on RK3588S development board was 30.49 frames per second with an mAP value of 90.2%, which satisfied requirements of real-time detection of P. ostreatus yellow spot disease. The results provided a reference for subsequent development of intelligent devices for detecting pathogenic diseases in edible fungi.

Using 140 Morchella spp. (Morchella) samples from various regions as materials, the regional differences in distribution of stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ¹³C), nitrogen (δ¹⁵N), hydrogen (δ²H), and oxygen (δ¹⁸O ) were measured, analyzed and employed for tracing geographical origin of Morchella through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), box plot, principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machines (SVM), learning vector quantization neural networks (LVQNN), and random forest (RF). The results showed significant differences in the mean δ¹³C values between Henan and Sichuan Morchella, the mean δ²H values between Yunnan Morchella and the Morchella samples from Chongqing, Fujian, and Guizhou, and the mean δ¹⁸O values between Chongqing and Gansu Morchella. Based on differences in δ²H, δ¹⁵N, and δ¹³C values, Yunnan Morchella was preliminarily distinguished from those of Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou by PCA. The optimal exclusive traceability model for Yunnan Morchella was RF, with a prediction accuracy of 94.29%, and δ²H and δ¹³C values were the primary indicators for traceability. For Morchella from Henan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Chongqing, the optimal exclusive traceability models were RF, SVM optimized by grid search, SVM optimized by a genetic algorithm, and SVM optimized by a genetic algorithm, respectively. Their prediction accuracy values were 97.14%, 85.71%, 80.00%, and 97.14%, respectively. The primary indicator for the traceability of Morchella from these four regions was δ¹⁸O value. These findings indicated that the stable isotope technology can provide technical support for the traceability of geographical origin of Morchella.

In order to understand the diversity of symbiotic fungal species promoting G. elata seed germination and explore superior symbiotic G. elata seed germination strains, extensive investigation and collection of Mycena sensu lato specimens were carried out in subtropical areas of China. A total of 324 specimens were collected, from which 401 strains were isolated. Based on morphological characteristics and initial phylogenetic analysis of ITS and LSU sequences, 22 potentially functional strains were selected for co-germination experiments with G. elata seeds. The results showed that 18 of the 22 strains promoted G. elata seed germination. Through further morphology observation and phylogenetic analysis, they belonged to five genera and 13 species, including one species of Atheniella, one species of Favolaschia, eight species of Mycena, one species of Panellus, and two species of Roridomyces. Among them, 13 strains further promoted G. elata seeds to develop protocorms with a pointed vegetative apex enabling further differentiation, and four strains resulted in >90% germination rates in G. elata seeds. In particular, two M. abramsii strains and one M. maculata strain brought about a higher G. elata seed germination rate than the three prevalent commercial symbiotic M. citrinomarginata strains (SHXG, MFJ and TMMFJ) currently used for G. elata cultivation.